다 배우다

"today we learned the word …"

All four lines here are the identical closing sentence of a Korean-teaching segment: 오늘의 한국어 X 배워봤습니다, "in today's Korean we've learned X". The "-다" is simply the dictionary ending on the word being taught — 퍼지다 spread, 원하다 want, 삼키다 swallow, 다가오다 approach — sitting bare in front of 배우다 "learn". So it is not a general grammar pattern but a fixed segment sign-off; outside that frame you would normally mark the object with 를.

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